CLAUSTROPHOBIA

'But worse, far worse than the stink, the machinery and his deteriorating self-perception was the need to leave this enclosure immediately: to escape the lowering ceiling and forge his way up to the sky. With the claustrophobia arose the conviction that there were not two people squashed into this iron cupboard but three. The third, an intangible menace, had arisen as he’d sloughed off his unconsciousness. Down the brief passage it had accompanied him, through the bulkhead and into the control room, and now it settled above his head, threatening and malevolent. By devious means it attacked his heart which began to thud wildly within his chest. Then it strangled his breathing. The weak tungsten globe fading in the clutch of its wire cage seemed like the last sliver of twilight and, as night closed in, the presence focused itself upon him. He felt as if he were travelling 

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along a tunnel searching for daylight, with this awful phantom clinging to his back, and, at each moment, he anticipated the approach of the sunshine that would subdue it. But he saw no end to the tunnel. And no sun. And so the fear and the panic proliferated. It was distressing to think that he, a product of a comfortable home and a good education, had been reduced so rapidly to this desperation. The presence hovered just beyond his recognition so that he was unable to name it, but when he closed his eyes he saw its face melting like ice in a flame.' 

                        Art: Zita Walker

SUBMARINES - UNDERSTANDING PRESSURE

Submarine Art, Danijel Frka 

When war threatened in 1914 submarines had come a long way from the H L Hunley, the first submarine to sink a warship way back in the American Civil War, but to understand them today requires the same knowledge of basic physics that it did then. Too often, if the forces acting upon a submarine became unbalanced, whether on the surface or below it, the boat could suddenly disappear and never be seen again. 

A toy boat will float in a bowl of water because the buoyancy (force) of the water is greater than the gravity (force) pulling it down. If you flood it, it will sink because you have increased its mass, and thus the force of gravity pulling it under becomes greater than its buoyancy. If you half flood it and give it a good push it will pop up at one end or the other.

The inept Chief tried frantically to hold the boat on Schnorkel depth, but she rose and fell like a see-saw. In despair I took over and said…”Just hold her at thirteen metres”. Within a few minutes the boat again lost her stability…she tilted up sharply and shot to the surface… I shouted, “Both diesels emergency ahead! Open all vents. All men to the bow.” The diesels knocked wildly, the boat rocked hard. For a few seconds…the sea held the boat in a crazy position, then she sank slowly, steadily…she swung into a forty degree down angle…At eighty metres I managed to level her off and establish her trim.

                                         ‘Iron Coffins’ by Herbert Werner    Cassell 1969

In this case, the forces of buoyancy and gravity were correct but they were not evenly balanced or ‘trimmed’. Submarines of both World Wars One and Two had main ballast tanks, fore and after tanks and a range of smaller tanks for trimming. Take the U-96 in Das Boot, for example. Why did it sink in the Straits of Gibraltar?

Breach in the diesel room, breach in the motor room…E-motor bilge making water fast…The bow heaviness jams me back against the forward wall of the control room. Are we descending faster than usual? “Boat out of control, can’t hold her,” whispers the Chief. No more buoyancy, only gravitational pull.

                            ‘Das Boot’ Lothar Gunther Bucheim  1973 Piper Verlag GmbH Munich

Actually, Bucheim is incorrect here. The force of buoyancy was still present but the force of gravity was greater. So, why did it eventually rise?

“Respectfully report to Herr Kaleun – water taken aboard has been pumped into regulator cells – possible to expel it outboard with compressed air”…then I notice: no more water in the control room.”

Within the pressure hull of a submerged submarine air pressure (force per area) could change for a variety of reasons.

The effects of carbon dioxide were made worse by the steady build-up of pressure from high-pressure air leaks compounded by venting internal tanks, torpedo tubes and the heads (toilet) after blowing. When the boat did at last surface it was a prudent precaution to hold on to the captain’s legs when he opened the hatch: there was a real danger of him being shot out like a human cannonball and lost over the side. 

                                                             'Submarines at War 1914-1918’  Richard Compton-Hill                                                                                   Periscope Publishing Ltd. 2004