Showing posts with label Austrian submarine. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Austrian submarine. Show all posts

Saturday, June 6, 2020

How to Write an Action Scene – DIY or blow-by-blow?



I confess to being terrified of writing action scenes, although I love reading them. When my publisher Penmore Press sent me out the PDF Book Block of His Most Italian City for proof reading I nearly fell over backwards when I read my own attempt that had given me such labour and angst. It actually sounded like a real action scene. I wrote to my editor expressing my amazement but, I have to confess (again), writing one now still fills me with dread and anticipation (the bad sort of anticipation that leaves you awake night after night replaying the moves in your head and finding nothing but faults). Writing the next book Through Forests and Mountains that will come out in 2021, I decided to do the DIY technique: perform the action yourself then rush home and write it up before you have forgotten the chill mists, the pounding heart and the taut manoeuvres. 

We live about two hundred metres from the Australian bush, a pretty menacing place after dark. Often I had walked down long after the sun had set in an attempt to persuade myself to venture just five more metres into its black embrace, before turning and fleeing back to the comfort of the street lights lest I be eaten by wolves, bears and other things that don’t exist in Australia. (There’s always yowies, I suppose. Haven’t seen too many of them recently.) We had lived in the house for over twenty years by this stage and, confronted by the possibility that I would die here and never go for a scary bush walk at night, I persuaded my nephew, who was living with us at the time, to go with me. I was at the point of writing a similar scene in the novel and needed it to be realistic. 

My nephew said we had to take the dog – he weighs thirty-five kilograms and his bark packs quite a punch - so I saddled him up and off we went. Well, to cut a long story short, the three of us went on two bush walks at night, one during the full moon and one two weeks later, because I wanted to be able to write about the differences. The bush was suitably spooky, enjoyably ominous and the trip enabled me to write several hundred realistic words each time. You have to do this straight away, and don’t rationalize it too much. Turn your brain off. Just translate the experience into words and fix up the mistakes later. That’s the Do-It-Yourself method and it works really well. I have also tried it out sailing and created a thousand action-packed and water-logged words without a single neurone helping me.

The blow-by-blow technique, by contrast, requires research and a great deal of imagination. Also it takes much longer, because you have to keep returning to the work week after week to correct the inevitable errors. This is what I had to do in His Most Italian City, never having had the opportunity to submerge in a World War One submarine. There are a few basic maritime expressions, like port and starboard, bow and stern, that you’ve got to understand for starters. Also, don’t think nuclear submarines. These early subs were basically boats that had the ability to submerge and there was even much argument about that. The Austrian U1 that I had originally been using, stopped, flooded and only then sank. Obviously it would be no good in a chase scene. I decided on the U27 because it was the most successful Austrian submarine. This boat pushed down into the water as it went using the hydroplanes, and it could achieve this in under thirty seconds. Perfect!

So the point of the chase scene in the novel is that a powerful motor boat must try to sink a small submarine by swamping it. This was achievable because the U27 had saddle-like tanks on each side that made it roll a lot on the surface. What you want to do is to make it roll over so far that enough water will get in, threatening to sink it. This was forever happening to those submarines. They would simply disappear and never be seen again. They were quite unstable and you had to keep your forces balanced. This is why the submarine in Das Boot sank. It became unbalanced. Whether you could get them to resurface was the question. 

I decided that the U27 had to submerge to escape the motorboat, but it was being chased out of the harbour and the depth of water at the entrance was only thirty-five metres. After that it went down fairly steeply. The submarine itself was thirty-seven metres long. If the submarine crash-dives at an angle of thirty degrees (the maximum possible) how deep does the water have to be to avoid a collision with the ocean floor? Enter trigonometry. (Don’t laugh, I actually did this.) 

Now, as you might suspect, all this took a long time to get right. You also have to get the sequencing correct, and the reactions of the characters must be believable. More than that, it took a lot of soul searching, internal life to make it readable and exciting. Hence my pleasure at the final result. 

I guess if you are writing fantasy, or something that you couldn’t research or employ the DIY technique, it would be a major feat of imagination. I was wondering to myself the other day why Wuthering Heights has become a contemporary cult classic when it didn’t slot at all into middle Victorian sensibilities. The answer, of course, is that it is a fantasy novel. Wuthering Heights was Emily Brontë’s fantasy world of Gondal. 

So, to finish, here is a quote about Wuthering Heights in praise of imagination in writing action scenes. 

‘If the rank of a work of fiction is to depend solely on its naked imaginative power, then this is one of the greatest novels in the language.’ – G W Peck. American Review, June 1848.
 




Amazon.com: His Most Italian City (9781946409942): Walker, Margaret: Books









Saturday, November 9, 2019

SUBMARINES - UNDERSTANDING PRESSURE






Submarine Art, Danijel Frka 
When war threatened in 1914 submarines had come a long way from the H L Hunley, the first submarine to sink a warship way back in the American Civil War, but to understand them today requires the same knowledge of basic physics that it did then. Too often, if the forces acting upon a submarine became unbalanced, whether on the surface or below it, the boat could suddenly disappear and never be seen again. 

A toy boat will float in a bowl of water because the buoyancy (force) of the water is greater than the gravity (force) pulling it down. If you flood it, it will sink because you have increased its mass, and thus the force of gravity pulling it under becomes greater than its buoyancy. If you half flood it and give it a good push it will pop up at one end or the other.

The inept Chief tried frantically to hold the boat on Schnorkel depth, but she rose and fell like a see-saw. In despair I took over and said…”Just hold her at thirteen metres”. Within a few minutes the boat again lost her stability…she tilted up sharply and shot to the surface… I shouted, “Both diesels emergency ahead! Open all vents. All men to the bow.” The diesels knocked wildly, the boat rocked hard. For a few seconds…the sea held the boat in a crazy position, then she sank slowly, steadily…she swung into a forty degree down angle…At eighty metres I managed to level her off and establish her trim.
                                         ‘Iron Coffins’ by Herbert Werner    Cassell 1969

In this case, the forces of buoyancy and gravity were correct but they were not evenly balanced or ‘trimmed’. Submarines of both World Wars One and Two had main ballast tanks, fore and after tanks and a range of smaller tanks for trimming. Take the U-96 in Das Boot, for example. Why did it sink in the Straits of Gibraltar?

Breach in the diesel room, breach in the motor room…E-motor bilge making water fast…The bow heaviness jams me back against the forward wall of the control room. Are we descending faster than usual? “Boat out of control, can’t hold her,” whispers the Chief. No more buoyancy, only gravitational pull.
                            ‘Das Boot’ Lothar Gunther Bucheim  1973 Piper Verlag GmbH Munich

Actually, Bucheim is incorrect here. The force of buoyancy was still present but the force of gravity was greater. So, why did it eventually rise?

“Respectfully report to Herr Kaleun – water taken aboard has been pumped into regulator cells – possible to expel it outboard with compressed air”…then I notice: no more water in the control room.”

Within the pressure hull of a submerged submarine air pressure (force per area) could change for a variety of reasons.

The effects of carbon dioxide were made worse by the steady build-up of pressure from high-pressure air leaks compounded by venting internal tanks, torpedo tubes and the heads (toilet) after blowing. When the boat did at last surface it was a prudent precaution to hold on to the captain’s legs when he opened the hatch: there was a real danger of him being shot out like a human cannonball and lost over the side. 
                                                             'Submarines at War 1914-1918’  Richard Compton-Hill                                                                                   Periscope Publishing Ltd. 2004